History+4

70,000 B.C.---35,000 B.C.---15,000 B.C.---10,000 B.C.--4,000 B.C.--3,760 B.C.---3,500 B.C.-2,700 B.C.-2,680 B.C.-- / / / / / Neanderthal man uses Homo Sapien emerges Migration across Bering Development of Cities The wheel, pottery First year of First phonetic Pharaonic rule begins Great Pyramid fire and advanced tools Straits into the Americas in Mesopotamia and agricultural advancements the Jewish calendar writing appears in Egypt with King Cheops at Giza is completed

---2,540 B.C.--2,000 B.C.--1,800 B.C.-1,500 B.C.--1,375--1,193 B.C.900 B.C---800 B.C.-- / / / / Great Sphinx of Giza Earliest Egyptian Hammurabi's Code Stonehenge is constructed Monotheistic religion Greeks destroy Troy Hebrew elders begin Homer writes //The Iliad// is completed mummies, use of papyrus begins to develop in Egypt writing the Old Testament and //The Odyssey// Systematic astronomy emerges Solomon succeeds King King Sargon builds Mesopotamian David, builds Jerusalem Temple empire After Solomon's death, kingdom is divided into Israel and Judah

--776 B.C.--753 B.C.--700 B.C.--616 B.C.-586 B.C.539 B.C.431 B.C.---430 B.C.- / / / / First recorded Olympic Rome founded by Assyrian King Sargon II Destruction of Nineveh Nebuchadnezzar builds empire, destroys Cyrus the Great of Persia Peloponnesian Wars Parthenon Games Romulus and Remus conquers Hittites, Chaldeans, and Medes, end of Assyrian Jerusalem. Babylonian Captivity of Jews begins. conquers Babylon, frees Jews Constructed Samaria (end of Kingdom of Israel) Empire Hanging gardens of Babylon are constructed Athenian Democracy develops Earliest written music Buddhism founded

330 B.C.--300 B.C-150 B.C.--55 B.C.---4 A.D.---30 A.D.--135 A.D.---200 A.D.-313 A.D.395 A.D.--- / / / / / / Alexander the Great Golden age of Roman Armies conquer Caesar invades Britain Birth of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Diaspora Oldest Mayan temples Constantine issues Roman Empire occupies Babylon philosophy in Greece Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia in Central America Edict of Milan; permanently divided Balearic Islands, and Southern France Christianity becomes mainstream

400 A.D. / Rome's Western Empire collapses under weak rulers

The factors that led to the fall of Rome were the internal discontent amongst the general population, which led to a disloyal and unpatriotic military. This weakened military could no longer defend Rome's overextended borders from barbarian invaders who used Rome's highly advanced system of roads against them by following these roads to the capital. Their leaders were unable to maintain control of such a vast empire, and were consequently extremely unpopular and lacked the respect of the great caesars of the glory years. All of these factors contributed to the eventual downfall of the greatest empire history has ever known.

**Your Name __________________________** __**Music of Ancient Times: In the Spirit of Socrates**__ **From “Ancient Egyptian Design”** Green, Yellow, Red, Brown, Pink, Black **From “Music In Antiquity”** Use in religious ceremonies, important events, celebrations, plays, and day to day life In order to cover up any noises that the animal may have made Tube signaled retreat, attack and halt To trick the enemy into thinking that the army was still there A music teacher’s salary was the highest To teach theory and instruct students to play the kithara **From “Outrageous Women of Ancient Times”** Around 600 B.C.   The Plectrum, a smaller Lyre which was played with a pick More than 500. A very tightly-knit, possibly even lesbian (in the modern sense) group of girls who shared art and poetry with each other. Sculptors made statues of her, most educated people owned some of her literature, and the capital of Lesbos used coins with her face on them. They believed her to be a Pagan, and her enormous amount of influence was unsettling to them. In a thousand year old garbage dump in Egypt. **From “The State of Music at the End of the Ancient World”** With the music of the Christian Church, but also in ancient Greece and Rome. (The packet is confusingly worded) The social occasions which were associated with Roman music were not approved of by the church.
 * 1)  Name some of the colors used by ancient Egyptian artists.
 * 1)  What function(s)/purpose did music of Ancient Times serve?
 * 1)  Why did pipers play during sacrifices?
 * 1)  Which instrument was used to signal retreat, attack and halt?
 * 1)  Why were musicians left to play in camps after the army had departed?
 * 1)  Whose teaching salary was the highest in the Asia Minor?
 * 1)  What was a music teacher’s responsibility?
 * 1)  What’s up with Nero? He posed as a professional musician when really he was an amateur.
 * 1)  When was Sappho active?
 * 1)  What musical instrument/accessory did she invent?
 * 1)  How many lyric poems did she compose?
 * 1)  Describe her students and cult.
 * 1)  What were some of the ways she was worshipped even 1000 years after her death?
 * 1)  What about her writings made the Christians ‘anxious’?
 * 1)  When & where were some of her poems discovered?
 * 1)  Where did the history of Western art music begin?
 * 1)  Why did Roman musical traditions ‘disappear’ at the beginning of the Middle Ages?

They regarded music and music makers as divine.
 * 1)  What attitude did Greek mythology display toward music and music makers?

He warned against too much professional training in music, lest it destroy the creative nature of the craft. Melody without harmony or counterpoint Because it has clear rhythmic notation. Forty-two Because it was associated with paganism.
 * 1)  How did Aristotle react to the complexity of music festivals and competitions?
 * 1)  What does monophonic music sound like?
 * 1)  Why is the Epitaph of Seikelos of particular interest to music historians?
 * 1)  How many notes survived the Euripides papyrus?
 * 1)  Why did the early Christian Church distrust all instrumental music?

Hymn singing A number of their chants were borrowed by western cultures. I haven’t even read this section yet, but I’m guessing someone named Gregory. Turns out I was right, it was Pope Gregory I   Latin
 * 1)  What type of singing is the earliest recorded musical activity of the Christian Church?
 * 1)  How did Byzantine musical practices impact western chant?
 * 1)  Who is ‘Gregorian Chant’ named after?
 * 1)  What language replaced Greek as the ‘official language of the Roman liturgy?
 * 1)  List a few of the jobs required of a monastic cantor? Maintaining the Library and directing the performances.

Average Churchgoers They carried Gregorian chants all across Europe.
 * 1)  Who was allowed to play the lyre to accompany hymn singing and psalms?
 * 1)  What role did the Christian missionaries play in developing Western music?

Boethius was the most revered and respected authority on music in the Middle Ages. **From “Unit 4 Wiki Space”** Kind of dark, thicker Similar to the Lyre Nasal, dry, not particularly cheery High Pitched, no beat, medium tempo
 * 1)  Who was Boethius? Describe one of his ideas about music.
 * 1)  Describe the timbre of the Lyre
 * 1)  Describe the timbre of the Kithara
 * 1)  Describe the timbre of the Aulos
 * 1)  Describe musical elements from “Sappho’s Marriage Celebration”.

Pitch, Dynamics, Tone Color, and Duration are all present
 * 1)  What musical elements are present in ‘Euripides’ ?

Pitch, Duration, Tone Color, and slight dynamics
 * 1)  What musical elements are present in ‘Epitath of Seikelos’?

Euripides is slower, and sadder than the epitaph.
 * 1)  What are the differences in how these two pieces sound?

Evolved, I guess. I think music has come a long way and has really improved.
 * 1)  Overall, how does the music of ancient times make you feel?


 * 1)  If you were to play an instrument from this time period, what would you choose? Why?

The Lyre, because it seemed to be able to produce the most diverse sound.